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- Newsgroups: alt.hemp
- From: Christopher Clay <cclay@icis.on.ca>
- Subject: Marijuana Safer than Tobacco - Medical Post, Sept./94
- Message-ID: <DAqnxA.Awz@icis.on.ca>
- Date: Sun, 25 Jun 1995 17:15:10 GMT
-
- Marijuana Less Harmful to Lungs
- than Cigarettes
- by Louise Gagnon
- Medical Post, Sept. 6 1994
-
- L'ESTEREL, Quebec -- Heavy marijuana smokers show less evidence
- of lung injury than heavy tobacco smokers, and it may be
- cannabinoids that are protecting them from developing a condition
- like emphysema.
-
- That's according to the principal investigator of a study done at
- the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).
-
- Speaking at the third annual meeting of the International
- Cannabis Research Society here, Dr. Donald Tashkin, a
- pulmonologist and UCLA professor of medicine, concluded heavy
- marijuana use did not cause the same degree of lung injury as
- tobacco smoke.
-
- "My own feeling is that marijuana smokers probably will not
- develop emphysema as a consequence of smoking marijuana," he
- said, but cautioned that does not rule out the development of
- other conditions like respiratory carcinoma.
-
- "It may be that the THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in
- marijuana could have different effects on inflammatory cells,
- which may mediate injury in the lung."
-
- His study, which aimed to measure the pulmonary effects of
- habitual marijuana use, followed nine tobacco smokers, 10
- marijuana smokers, 10 nonsmokers and four smokers of both
- marijuana and tobacco. He gave both quantitative and qualitative
- explanations for his finding.
-
- Marijuana users in the study smoked three or four joints daily
- for 15 years on average, while tobacco smokers in the study
- smoked 25 cigarettes daily over a period of 20 years, indicating
- a marked difference in exposure to smoke.
-
- "There is a seven-fold difference in the amount of smoke to which
- marijuana and tobacco smokers are exposed," he said.
-
- "It's the quantitative difference in smoke exposure that might
- explain the difference in the degree of lung injury as assessed
- by these physiologic indices."
-
- Moreover, the phagocytes gathered from the lungs of marijuana
- smokers do not have the same properties as those gathered from
- the lungs of tobacco smokers.
-
- "We have previously shown that the macrophages that are harvested
- from the rinse-out of the lungs of marijuana smokers seem not to
- be activated," he said. "They do not release toxic oxygen
- species, either under basal conditions or under stimulated
- conditions nearly to the extent that tobacco macrophages do. If
- anything, basal secretion of superoxide seems to be reduced in
- the marijuana smokers."
-
- Dr. Tashkin measured the clearance of the molecule diethylene
- triamine penta-acetate (DTPA) from the lung, believed to be a
- more sensitive indicator of lung injury than measuring the lung's
- diffusing capacity.
-
- If DTPA clearance is accelerated, then it implies an increase in
- the leakiness of the alveolar epithelial membrane, which implies
- injury to the membrane, he said.
-
- Dr. Tashkin noted DTPA clearance is accelerated in tobacco smoke-
- related lung injury.
-
- Initially, the chronic effects of marijuana smoke were measured
- in comparison to those of tobacco smoke: DTPA clearance was
- measured at about 12 hours after the last marijuana or tobacco
- cigarette smoked.
-
- To determine the acute effects of marijuana and tobacco smoking,
- Dr. Tashkin restudied these smokers a week or two later, giving
- them a single joint of marijuana or a single tobacco cigarette or
- both, and then measuring DTPA clearance 15 minutes subsequently.
-
-
- "What we found was the clearance of DTPA was abnormally rapid
- from the lung in the tobacco smokers," he said. "It was about
- twice the rate of non-smokers. In the marijuana smokers, there
- was a tendency toward a much less rapid rate of clearance. There
- was no acute effect in either tobacco or marijuana, and there was
- no added effect of marijuana or tobacco."
-
- As with the lungs to tobacco smokers, when the lungs of marijuana
- smokers are "washed out", a marked increase in the number of
- alveolar macrophages is witnessed.
-
- But whereas tobacco smoke has a concomitant effect of activating
- the macrophages, leading to the subsequent release of certain
- toxic substances, marijuana smoke fails to activate the
- macrophages, Dr. Tashkin said. He noted this difference could be
- attributed to differential regulation of cytokins.
-
- "It may be that the macrophages from marijuana smokers release
- certain suppressive cytokins, like transforming growth factor-
- beta, which is known to suppress the inflammatory activity of
- nearly all of the site populations," he said. "That's our
- hypothesis, which we are currently exploring."
-
-
-